Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of Integrated planning in meaningful learning. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the study is female fourth grade high school students in Tehran’ s 14th district of education in the academic year of 2011. Findings: The findings showed that interdisciplinary education gives meaning to learning. In the disciplinary or thematic approach, students can not use their experiences in school or in real life, so an Integrated and interdisciplinary curriculum is provided. With the new approaches that have been created in recent years in the education programs of countries, education professionals have turned to Integrated planning by breaking the traditional boundaries. Interdisciplinary orientations in scientific studies in the future will no longer be a choice, but a compulsion. Conclusion: The results of data analysis showed the effectiveness of teaching methods based on Integrated or interdisciplinary planning compared to the discipline method and separate topics.

The transmission network expansion planning is necessary for supplying the future needs, considering load growth. Furthermore, in restructured environments, transmission lines provide the required infrastructure for creating a competitive environment. In recent years, there has been a signifi cant advancement in storage technologies. This advancement leads to using energy storage systems to postpone the construction or replacement of transmission lines. Therefore, in this paper, the problems of transmission expansion planning and energy storage systems deployment are investigated simultaneously. Considering the presence of storage devices and their effect on network operation cost, in this paper, the operation cost is modeled as an independent objective function along with investment cost. Moreover, the problems of transmission and storage expansion planning are modeled as a tri-objective optimization problem with the objectives of reducing costs and increasing the social welfare index in the power market. The multiobjective shuffl ed frog leaping evolutionary algorithm is used to solve these problems. The presented model for expansion planning is implemented and analyzed on IEEE 24-bus test system in the presence and absence of energy storage systems, and the effect of change in the price of energy storage systems is studied. The results of this research show that as the technology advances and the storage costs decrease, energy storage systems can play a pivotal role in reducing expansion planning costs of the power network and improving market-based indices in the restructured environment.

In general, all of the definitions of interdisciplinary curriculum include:(A combination of subjects, An emphasis on projects, Sources that go beyond textbooks, Relationships among concepts, Thematic units as organizing principles, Flexible schedules, Flexible student groupings). The interdisciplinary study is a reflection of the real world, students become more interested and motivated in their learning. The ability to make connections, to solve problems by looking at multiple perspectives, and to incorporate information from different fields, will be an essential ingredient for success in the future. The aim of this paper was to present the process of developing a model for interdisciplinary across the curriculum. To develop an interdisciplinary curriculum, a district needs an action plan. The plan's four phases: conducting internal and external action research, developing a proposal, implementing and monitoring a pilot unit, and adopting the program, can be accomplished over a three-year period.

An Integrated technique for solving transmission network expansion planning considering the allocation of reactive power sources using an AC model is presented in this paper.Embedding reactive power management in TNEP is a challenging task since AC load flow may not converge in absence of proper reactive power allocation. Usually transmission expansion planning and reactive power planning are considered as two distinct problems, but in this paper both problems are investigated concurrently. These two problems can be Integrated because there is an inherent interaction between transmission line capacity and reactive power sources. In power systems, transferring reactive power may engage line capacity which requires more new transmission lines, while allocating reactive power sources close to the load centers may prevent the addition of new transmission lines. On the other hand, if reactive power sources are not included, real power losses will increase considerably and thereby reduce transmission line capacities. The main objective of this study is to show that both active and reactive power planning can be handled simultaneously. This non-convex combinatorial optimization problem is solved here using a real genetic algorithm (RGA). Significant results through case studies of two test systems show the advantages of the proposed Integrated network planning.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-Integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.